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MEET A LEAF: CHARLES SCAiFE

6/29/2020

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​Charles Scaife is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia and a 2020 Knauss Marine Policy Fellow at the US Department of Energy in Washington, DC. You can find him on Twitter: @wateryousayin
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What does ecohydrology mean to you?
To me, ecohydrology is a framework for examining feedbacks between ecologic and hydrologic systems. The novelty of ecohydrology is its flexibility across spatial and temporal scales. Whether you’re studying water use efficiency of a single tree during a summer drought or exploring impacts of ecological fragmentation from regional urbanization on hydrologic flows, you’re likely employing principles of ecohydrology.
 
Ecohydrology also provides a framework for examining how processes at one spatiotemporal scale impact processes at another spatiotemporal scale. For example, when the transpiration response of a single tree during a summer drought is scaled to an entire catchment, the aggregated ecosystem stress may manifest into measurable changes in streamflow response at storm event, seasonal, or annual time steps. System responses, like these, increase in complexity when ecohydrologic feedbacks intersect human systems. At this nexus, we can begin asking questions about management or policy interventions as a means for mitigating land cover or climate change impacts on ecohydrologic systems. Exploring this nexus could be vital for many ecosystem services including reliable drinking water supplies.
 
What are your undergraduate and graduate degrees in?
I received a Bachelors in Environmental Sciences and a Masters in Geography from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. I’m currently finishing my PhD in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia with a focus in hydrology.
 
How did you arrive at working in/thinking about ecohydrology?
As a child, I thought I would grow up to save the Amazon Rainforest. As it turns out, that’s no easy feat, so I did the next best thing and became an ecohydrologist. Unfortunately, you couldn’t major in ecohydrology or even hydrology at my university, so I figured environmental sciences and marine sciences were close enough. After courses in coastal ecology and oceanography, I quickly learned that there were two water worlds – the saltwater one and the freshwater one. It wasn’t until my third and fourth years of undergrad that I took my first watershed hydrology course and started working in an ecohydrology lab. It was these early experiences that taught me two important lessons: 1) I could study both rain and forests; and 2) I was very wrong about the two water worlds.
 
Working in an ecohydrology lab in graduate school took me to the mountains of North Carolina to collect monthly samples at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Our early efforts to characterize spatiotemporal soil moisture and groundwater dynamics led to papers on quickflow response and streamflow recession characteristics. In 2016, the area around the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory – known to be one of the wettest places on the US East Coast – caught fire. A record-breaking rainless period in an otherwise average year led to early leaf senescence, tree mortality, and intense fires. Rainfall variability is predicted to intensify across the region creating conditions suitable for worsening ecosystem stress and mortality. If correct, these projections could reshape our understanding of ecology and hydrology at Coweeta and in many other well-studied systems. Since 2016, I’ve shifted to focus my research on understanding how discrepancies in drought response across species in biodiverse forests scale to impact streamflow dynamics across entire catchments.
 
What do you see as an important emerging area of ecohydrology?
Drawing connections across scales and sites is a theme in ecohydrology, and recently, I’m finding more research emerging on how plant physiology and drought response impact short- and long-term streamflow dynamics. One question that has been posed, is whether trees ‘remember’ drought, and if so, how this impacts hydrology? Integration of physiology and drought response into ecohydrologic models is in its nascence, but could be vital for understanding future impacts of precipitation variability on streamflow generation. Feedbacks between these tree-level responses and landscape hydrologic patterns could also impact how we manage forests, and potentially forest fires, for water resources.
 
Do you have a favorite ecohydrology paper?  Describe/explain.
One of my favorite papers is Jim Dooge’s 1986 manifesto, “Looking for Hydrologic Laws”. In this paper, Dooge outlined the need for hydrologic theories that relate landscape properties to hydrologic response across watershed scales. He challenged the field to look past heterogeneity towards a framework for prediction in ungaged basins. To date, many hydrologists and ecohydrologists invoke his work when synthesizing their research more broadly. For me, this paper is a reminder that the value of my research is not in showing that my watersheds are simply unique, but instead contextualizing and quantifying why and how they vary from other watersheds across the globe. 
 
What do you do for fun (apart from ecohydrology)?
When I’m not in the field or behind a computer, I’m usually getting lost in nature. I love hiking, but I love running more, so most weekends you’ll find me killing two birds with one stone by trail-running. Shenandoah National Park was my weekend home in Charlottesville, Virginia, but since I’ve relocated to Washington, DC for my science policy fellowship I’ve struggled getting out of the city. If anyone has great trail-running or hiking spots nearby, let me know!
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MEET A LEAF: Nei Kavaguichi Leite

6/22/2020

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​Dr. Nei Kavaguichi Leite is an Associate Professor in the Department of Ecology and Zoology, from the Graduate Program in Ecology (https://poseco.ufsc.br) at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil and co-responsible for the Laboratory of Inland Water Ecology (www.limnos.ufsc.br).
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What does ecohydrology mean to you?
Ecohydrology means INTERACTION between several areas such as hydrology, ecology, biochemistry, plant physiology, social sciences, among others, requiring professionals with multidisciplinary training or having cooperation with people from other disciplines. In addition to integrating several areas, ecohydrology also associates the different components of the ecosystem, such as water, soil, vegetation, organisms, atmosphere, as well as humans. It is an area widely used today that seeks to solve problems associated with the distribution and quality of water resources in ecosystems, and at multiple scales. This is particularly important because water is a strategic resource for humanity, requiring a better understanding of its role in the functioning of ecosystems and the ecosystem services it provides.
 
What are your undergraduate and graduate degrees in?
My undergraduate degree was in Mathematics at the Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR), followed by a MSc and PhD in Ecology, both from the University of São Paulo (USP) and a post-doc at the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), all carried out in Brazil.
 
How did you arrive at working in/thinking about ecohydrology?
I was a privileged person at the beginning of my academic career. During my graduation course in Mathematics I had the opportunity to participate in an international scientific collaboration project in the Amazon region called LBA (http://lba2.inpa.gov.br), where I worked initially with prof. Jurgen Kesselmeier of the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, with precipitation and emission of greenhouse gases and later with researchers from CENA / USP studying aquatic biogeochemistry. In these projects I got involved with many field activities in terrestrial (canopy, soil, riparian forest) and aquatic (rivers and streams) environments in the Amazon. I took the opportunity and decided to do the master's degree with aquatic biogeochemistry, supervised by prof. Alex Krusche (USP), evaluating the effects of land use and land cover change with the hydrochemistry of the Ji-Paraná River, an important tributary of the Madeira River, which in turn is one of the main tributaries of the Amazon River. After studying this river, I decided to better understand the connections between the terrestrial environment and river systems through the dynamics of hydrological flowpaths and their relationship with the nutrients fluxes within a riparian forest with strong anthropic pressure, which was the focus of my PhD project, supervised by prof. Vicky Ballester. At the end of my doctorate, I attended the Fundamentals of Ecosystem Ecology course (https://www.caryinstitute.org/eco-inquiry/undergradgraduate/graduate-opportunities) at the Cary Institute where I had the opportunity to meet some of the major ecosystem ecologists, such as Gene Likens, John Cole, Bill Schlesinger, among others, improving my concepts of Ecology much more deeply. From these experiences, I followed my academic trajectory working with Ecohydrology in a post-doc supervised by prof. Mark Johnson (UBC / Canada) involving carbon dynamics in one of the largest wetlands in the world - the Pantanal Mato-Grossense. Since 2012 I have been an associate professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, in Brazil and currently I have been exploring the influence of urbanization and tourism in the hydrochemistry of streams in the southern region of Brazil (Atlantic Forest biome) and also have evaluated bioinvasions in artificial reservoirs by the golden mussel, supervising students in the Ecology Program at UFSC. Ecohydrology has been present throughout my academic career and will continue to have a strong influence on the work that I will do and on the students that I mentor and guide.
 
What do you see as an important emerging area of ecohydrology?
I think that interesting studies are coming up, mainly relating urban ecohydrology to emerging contaminants. Man's actions have drastically altered the urban hydrological cycle and many substances / pathogens have reached watercourses, influencing aquatic communities and compromising water quality and people's health. In this context, recent studies have observed a large quantity of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in stool samples (YANG et al. 2020), which with poor or inefficient sanitation (as in many places here in Brazil), could already be present in wastewater (NADDEO & LIU, 2020). Even though there is no evidence that this virus can be transmitted by water or sewage (MEDEMA, 2020), the evaluation of its presence and quantity in environmental samples (water, sediment, aquatic organisms) can be used to monitor its circulation in the human population or even as an important early warning tool to check for an eventual increase in the number of cases or even a recurrence of the epidemic.
 
Do you have a favorite ecohydrology paper? Describe/explain.
I have several favorite Ecohydrology papers, such as those in the Ecohydrology Bearings - Invited Commentary series, published in the Ecohydrology journal. But I will highlight the review article “Frontiers in real-time ecohydrology - a paradigm shift in understanding complex environmental systems” by Krause et al. 2015, where they present the possibility of using novel technological approaches for real-time ecohydrological research aiming to capture the spatial and temporal dynamics and complexity of ecohydrological processes. Despite the difficulties and challenges in implementing the use of these technologies, the benefits are high, since the acquisition of a substantial mass of data favors better monitoring of patterns (especially in situations of rapid change), refinement of predictive models (and in analyzes of artificial intelligence), in addition to greater engagement of the public through more effective research communication, made possible by advanced visualization tools, which can culminate in greater interest and concern about aquatic ecosystems. The use of real-time technology is an approach that my research group (http://www.limnos.ufsc.br) is adopting in a study carried out in a coastal lagoon in Southern Brazil with the partnership of prof. Mark Johnson of the Ecohydrology Group at the University of British Columbia (https://ecohydro.ires.ubc.ca).
 
What do you do for fun (apart from ecohydrology)?
​I really enjoy exploring the nature around me with my family. The city where I currently live (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina) is very privileged and offers a heterogeneous mosaic of ecosystems, with forests, beaches, rivers, lakes and coastal lagoons, mangroves, sandbank, among others. Unfortunately, our outdoor activities have been very limited lately due to the new Coronavirus pandemic. In this way, we have watched movies at home, cooked a lot, played a lot of board games and assembled puzzles and LEGOs.
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MEET A LEAF: Naama Raz-Yaseef

6/15/2020

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Dr. Naama Raz-Yaseef is an affiliate at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and teaches at the University of California, Berkeley. Over the last several years she has also been working on global development projects, mainly related to irrigation for smallholder’s farmers, climate-smart agriculture practices, and gender equality in the agriculture value chain. 
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What does ecohydrology mean to you?
Because water is related to so many processes and functions on Earth, and because vegetation are living organisms, their combination – ecohydrology, creates a great deal of complexity, diversity, temporal and spatial variability, connectivity, feedbacks and inter-linkages, and these are concepts I tremendously enjoy thinking about. To understand these complex environments, working on ecohydrology requires us to develop system thinking tools. This perspective almost makes ecohydrology (at least at the field scale) a social science in the sense that while we are searching for physical and mathematical rules, they come with large standard errors. I envision ecosystems to be as complex as people and societies, hence the paper I selected as one of my favorites. 

What are your undergraduate and graduate degrees in? 
I have a B.Sc. in Geology and an M.A. in Physical Geography, both from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. In my master’s I worked on rainfall-runoff relationships. In my doctorate I worked on ecohydrology of a dryland forest and received a Ph.D. in Environmental Science from the Weizmann Institute for Science. I came to the US for my postdoc at the lab of Dennis Baldocchi in UC Berkeley.

How did you arrive at working in/thinking about ecohydrology?
I started my Ph.D. in Environmental Science at the lab of Dan Yakir. At that time, all new students worked at the Yatir dryland afforestation fluxnet site. I needed to choose a research topic, and to me, the most interesting questions was – how does this forest survive with 270 mm rainfall annually?  Overtime, the forest did reveal some of its secrets. For example, while the surrounding barren dryland produces flash floods, the trees alter the surface and soils so much that there is no runoff leaving the forest even during extreme rain events. Actually, the larger the storm, the better for trees, because what I saw was that during large events infiltration was deep enough to allow retention of soil moisture throughout the dry season. Most interesting was to measure how soil evaporation was suppressed beneath the canopy, further reducing water loss. It still strikes me to observe how trees alter their microclimate to their benefit, and ours.

Although I had excellent scientists around me, none of them focused on ecohydrology. Therefore to study this topic and develop my own ideas, I read a lot of peer-reviewed papers. Working on semi-arid climates, I developed my ‘school of thought’, a group of ecohydrologists that were my mentors without even knowing who they were: Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe, Jim Shuttleworth, Brad Wilcox Paolo d'odorico, Shirley Kurc Papuga, Russ Scott, Travis Huxman, Susan Schwinning, Brent Newman, David Breshears, and Enrico Yepez, and others. Thank you all, and it was an honor to meet and collaborate with some of you later on in my career.

What do you see as an important emerging area of ecohydrology?
We are facing pivotal times, and climate change that we studied almost as a theoretical field some 30 years ago is becoming a worrisome reality. It is critical that we study mechanisms that impact water availability and water use that will help development solutions to better manage this crisis. I would like to see more of us working on agriculture-related research, as agriculture is by far the sector using the most freshwater. In developing regions of the world, water scarcity both for drinking and for food is a real concern. And to deal with rising sea level and increase in floods we need more nature-based solutions that apply a nested, holistic approach closely related to ecohydrology. 

Do you have a favorite ecohydrology paper?  Describe/explain.
River Morphology as an Analog to Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection /Luna Leopold (1994). 

In this paper Leopold compared the members of a species to rivers. Rivers, like individuals, are not identical to each other but belong to a type. Leopold shows how rivers, alike species individuals, are a function of their history, and evolve overtime. 


What do you do for fun (apart from ecohydrology)?
It probably doesn’t come as a big surprise that I like to spend time in nature – hiking, camping, sailing, biking. I think many of us ended up as ecohydrologists because of our affiliation to nature and the outdoors. I started playing the piano several years ago and getting better at it. I spend a lot of time with family and friends, I read books, and I love to travel. I also try to be active with local environmental organizations, but I wouldn’t call this fun, it’s more of a struggle. Working with legislators and governmental agencies is hard. 
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MEET A LEAF: Rutuja Chitra-Tarak

6/8/2020

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Dr. Rutuja Chitra-Tarak is a Post-Doctoral Research Associate at Los Alamos National Lab, NM and a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.
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What does ecohydrology mean to you?
Ecohydrology for me is the confluence of hydrology and ecology really, to improve our understanding of the interaction between water cycle and organismal and ecosystem ecology, to a level beyond what could be achieved by these disciplines standing alone. So, one aspect of this confluence is the various overlapping subject matters; for example, studying the role of water in shaping evolution and ecology of organisms and ecosystems, or the feedback of organismal and ecosystem functioning onto the water cycle. Another more exciting aspect of this confluence for me is the inter-flux of ideas, approaches and principles between ecology and hydrology.

What are your undergraduate and graduate degrees in?
My undergraduate degree, BSc, was in Microbiology, followed by an MSc in Biodiversity, both from Garware College, U. of Pune, India. Then a PhD in Ecology from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.​

How did you arrive at working in/thinking about ecohydrology?
In the Earth System Science focused PhD program that I was enrolled in, we were encouraged, or even mandated to undertake inter-disciplinary work, but the scope and means were left to us. I planned to study tropical forests and climate change relationships, especially via understanding plant functional ecology and life-history strategies. I had undertaken a lot of fieldwork in the long-term forest plots network in the Western Ghats Biodiversity hotspot, set up by Prof. R Sukumar’s group. Around then, Dr. Laurent Ruiz, an agro-hydrologist, came as resident researcher at the Indo-French Cell Science for Water Sciences on campus. Laurent was studying the hydrology of a Critical Zone Observatory, not far from my field sites in the Mudumalai National Park. He had showed that the dry forest as a whole was dependent on water in the weathered rock, and the time-scales of shallow and deep-water dynamics were dramatically different. I was captivated by the idea that if trees tap into different water-depth dynamics, they would differ in their responses to droughts, while also providing a window into their life-history strategies. Laurent was equally excited about testing these ideas, enthusiastically advised me, and so I could develop a model linking belowground hydrology to above-ground tree performance. When the work got published, I got a Harper prize for the best-paper in Journal of Ecology that year by an early career researcher (Chitra-Tarak et al. 2018). I also infected Dr. Sean McMahon with the excitement of this kind of work, who in turn invited me to do a post-doc with him in the US and provided all the habitat and mentoring I needed. 

Although ultimately a rewarding experience, it was quite risky to begin this ecohydrology project at the peak of my PhD candidacy. Fortunately, I learned from my parents to take risks for the right reason--they themselves married inter-caste jumping strata (even after 40 years, only 5% of marriages are inter-caste in India), and shunned the security of mainstream careers to work for grass-root development (Science for Development in case of my PhD father). It also helped that I had imbibed a tenet of 'Finding valuable questions first, figuring out methods later' from Prof. Milind Watve, who got me interested in Ecology and Evolution in college, and who himself worked on a variety interesting questions in myriad fields.


What do you see as an important emerging area of ecohydrology? 
I see that plant community and functional ecology will benefit a lot from eco-hydrology in the coming years, and consequently, the science of climate change. This is because building an understanding of how plants make a living in their given environments is at the cornerstone of plant community and functional ecology. It is also a precursor to predicting the fate of plants under future climate (and in turn, the fate of the climate itself). However, as much as water is a fundamental part of the plants’ environment, we do not know the water environments of the global plant community, historical or otherwise. I see that a full integration of hydrology into plant ecology can turn this around. 

Do you have a favorite ecohydrology paper? Describe/explain.
One of my favorite papers is Susan Schwinning and Osvaldo Sala’s “Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems” (Oecologia, 2004). I like that this review develops a couple of useful organizing principles. It presents this idea that soil moisture pulse events—characterized by the depth and/or duration for which soil moisture is elevated to a level that promotes biological activity—occur over a large range of spatial and temporal scales (from minutes to multi-decadal). And that this hierarchy of pulse events is matched by a corresponding hierarchy of ecological pulse thresholds, wherein a small pulse event triggers a small set of minor ecological events, while a large pulse event triggers a more inclusive set, and larger ecological events. This review explores the potential evolutionary background for the existence of response thresholds, and ends with an outlook on global change as it perturbs the frequency, duration and depth of the pulse events. 

What do you do for fun (apart from ecohydrology)? 
Anything that brings me away from the screen into the physical realm: being outdoors and in the wild. Tango. COVID confinement, has shifted this though: to cooking and relishing delicious food. And getting to spend time with my partner like never before. I feel that it is a silver lining that the anti-racism protests are happening in the US as we speak. In India, systemic (and police) brutality on the poor, casteless or low-caste communities, Muslims and Adivasi tribes (indigenous peoples) is so normalized that it doesn’t move us (the few dissenters are silenced, eliminated or hounded). Even elite science and education institutes like IISc continue to be dominated by upper-castes who tout meritocracy while remaining caste-blind or caste-supremacists. We are never shown how privilege works--whether caste, gender or what have you. No wonder then that we come out of the education system as naïve bystanders or outright participants in oppression; even marginalized students end up undermining their own worth and in denial of the discrimination. We are choked by a majoritarian narrative more than ever before, but our tipping point seems that much closer, the more intense the injustice gets.​
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MEET A LEAF: Grace John

6/1/2020

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Dr. Grace P. John is an Assistant Professor in the Biology Department in College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Florida.  
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What does ecohydrology mean to you?
Ecohydrology is a collaborative, interdisciplinary science focused on understanding the interactions of water with ecosystems. More generally I think of it as: Where is the water, where is it going, and why? I think the most important and interesting part of the field is the consistent use of process-based hypotheses to explain natural phenomenon and the most beautiful part is the complexity of those processes. As a result, the science lies at the intersection of climate science, physics, ecology, physiology, and mathematics. There are infinite directions to expand research and so many opportunities to learn from fantastic people with diverse skills and perspectives.

What are your undergraduate and graduate degrees in?
I received my Bachelor’s of Science in Biology from the University of Dayton and my PhD in Biology from the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at UCLA.

How did you arrive at working in/thinking about ecohydrology?
I was incredibly blessed early in my research career. Ultimately, a lot of things just magically came together for me in a relatively brief period. As an undergraduate, I took a fantastic Ecology course taught by Dr. Ryan McEwan at the University of Dayton. His enthusiasm for plant science made me rethink my career goals and I volunteered to do research in his lab. I truly could not have asked for a better mentor. He set me up for success with my first project, ultimately resulting in a co-authored paper in Plant Ecology characterizing changes in the flowering times of native plants over a 30-year period. I was really smitten with the process of collecting and analyzing data, but I was eager to get out into the woods, so we started a project using tree rings to investigate historical climate, fire, and community dynamics in a nearby old growth forest. I absolutely loved this and it no doubt lit the metaphorical spark for my future plant anatomy and hydraulics research.

Around the same time, I was accepted to the River Stewards Program, in which undergrads worked to promote river awareness in the greater Dayton community, through the River’s Institute at UD. I really enjoyed paddling and was interested in ecology broadly, so this seemed a good fit. In retrospect, this was a somewhat lifechanging decision. Despite having lived in Dayton my whole life, I didn’t have a strong connection to the downtown area or the river. The community engagement and focus on interdisciplinary collaboration in that program completely changed my perspective on urban ecosystems and expanded my perception of ecosystem function.

The following year, Ryan encouraged me to apply to NSF REU programs. I was so excited to be accepted to the Biosphere 2 program at the University of Arizona. That experience was incredibly fun for a lot of reasons, principally, that I got to work with Dr. Shirley Papuga studying soil respiration in the Santa Catalina Mountains. I had certainly thought about watersheds throughout my life, but I would say this was my first experience properly studying ecohydrology. This was probably the first time I made the full connection between ground water and respiration and photosynthesis and saw the sensitivity of organisms to microclimatic variation. I loved (and still love) engaging with the complexity of these processes and, ultimately, focused my PhD research on urban plant water use and drought tolerance.

What do you see as an important emerging area of ecohydrology?
I think there are two really important areas emerging simultaneously and I believe they will continue to merge with time. One is the development of high throughput methods for collecting complex and dynamic data and the second is the development of more detailed, physiologically and biologically informed, mechanistic models for scaling plant water use predictions. The demand for accurate predictions of individual plant, species, community, and ecosystem water use and vulnerability to future climate scenarios is only increasing. I find work that integrates these themes across natural, urban, and agricultural ecosystems particularly exciting. There is so much potential there to inform policy decisions, protect at risk communities, and contribute to future food security. My hope is that our community will continue to increase its wonderful interdisciplinary nature to synthesize models of soil, roots, stems, leaves, and atmosphere across organs, individuals, communities, and ecosystems.

Do you have a favorite ecohydrology paper?  Describe/explain.
I’ve always really enjoyed the Oren et al 1999 stomatal sensitivity paper in Plant Cell and Environment. I think it’s just a beautiful summary that clearly explains complex biology and physics. The math is very cleanly laid out, it’s very information and data rich, and it contrasts theoretical and observational responses. It’s very much a physiology heavy paper, but I feel it still falls under the ecohydrology umbrella. I love the parsing of atmospheric and soil drought which isn’t always well defined in scaling theory.

What do you do for fun (apart from ecohydrology)?
Lately, I’ve been pursuing a lot of hobbies from home. I’ve been enjoying gardening, riding my bicycle, playing table tennis, hiking with my dog, cooking good food and drinking good drinks. We’ve only recently moved to Gainesville and have been loving exploring the city, forests, and lakes. I also recently started an aquarium of freshwater shrimp which has been thoroughly entertaining thus far. 
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